Unsupervised Hashing Models tackle the problem of data retrieval by leveraging the underlying structure of the data without relying on manually provided labels. These models often employ techniques like covariance matrix factorization or clustering to group similar data points. As a result, they achieve a solid balance in retrieval effectiveness, typically performing better than data-independent models but not quite reaching the efficiency of supervised models. However, the computational cost of training, especially due to matrix factorization, can be quite high.
Below is a curated list of key publications on unsupervised hashing models:
| Paper | Architecture |
|---|---|
| Aghamolaei Sepideh, Ghodsi Mohammad, 2023. Massively-parallel Heat Map Sorting And Applications To Explainable Clustering | Shallow |
| Aghamolaei Sepideh, Ghodsi Mohammad, 2023. Massively-parallel Heat Map Sorting And Applications To Explainable Clustering | Shallow |
| Ahle Thomas Dybdahl, 2017. Optimal Las Vegas Locality Sensitive Data Structures | Shallow |
| Ahle Thomas Dybdahl, 2020. On The Problem Of p_1^-1 In Locality-sensitive Hashing | Shallow |
| Aiger Dror, Araujo André, Lynen Simon, 2023. Yes We CANN Constrained Approximate Nearest Neighbors For Local Feature-based Visual Localization | Shallow |
| Aizenbud Yariv, Averbuch Amir, Shabat Gil, Ziv Guy, 2017. Similarity Search Over Graphs Using Localized Spectral Analysis | Shallow |
| Amato Giuseppe, Falchi Fabrizio, Gennaro Claudio, 2016. On Reducing The Number Of Visual Words In The Bag-of-features Representation | Shallow |
| Andoni Alexandr, Nguyen Huy L., Nikolov Aleksandar, Razenshteyn Ilya, Waingarten Erik, 2016. Approximate Near Neighbors For General Symmetric Norms | Shallow |
| Andoni A., Indyk, 2024. Near-optimal Hashing Algorithms For Approximate Nearest Neighbor In High Dimensions | Shallow |
| Aumüller Martin, Bernhardsson Erik, Faithfull Alexander, 2018. Ann-benchmarks A Benchmarking Tool For Approximate Nearest Neighbor Algorithms | Shallow |
| Aumüller Martin, Christiani Tobias, Pagh Rasmus, Vesterli Michael, 2019. PUFFINN Parameterless And Universally Fast Finding Of Nearest Neighbors | Shallow |
| Auvolat Alex, Chandar Sarath, Vincent Pascal, Larochelle Hugo, Bengio Yoshua, 2015. Clustering Is Efficient For Approximate Maximum Inner Product Search | Shallow |
| Bachmann Jörg P., 2019. The Superm-tree Indexing Metric Spaces With Sized Objects | Shallow |
| Arturs Backurs, Piotr Indyk, Tal Wagner, 2019. Space And Time Efficient Kernel Density Estimation In High Dimensions | Shallow |
| Baranchuk Dmitry, Babenko Artem, Malkov Yury, 2018. Revisiting The Inverted Indices For Billion-scale Approximate Nearest Neighbors | Shallow |
| Baranchuk Dmitry, Persiyanov Dmitry, Sinitsin Anton, Babenko Artem, 2019. Learning To Route In Similarity Graphs | Shallow |
| Baranchuk Dmitry, Douze Matthijs, Upadhyay Yash, Yalniz I. Zeki, 2023. Dedrift Robust Similarity Search Under Content Drift | Shallow |
| Bartal Yair, Gottlieb Lee-ad, 2015. Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search For ell_p-spaces (2 < P < infty) Via Embeddings | Shallow |
| Bender Michael A., Kuszmaul Bradley C., Kuszmaul William, 2021. Linear Probing Revisited Tombstones Mark The Death Of Primary Clustering | Shallow |
| Bender Michael A., Kuszmaul Bradley C., Kuszmaul William, 2021. Linear Probing Revisited Tombstones Mark The Death Of Primary Clustering | Shallow |
| Billings Sean, 2018. Gradient Augmented Information Retrieval With Autoencoders And Semantic Hashing | Shallow |
| Billings Sean, 2018. Gradient Augmented Information Retrieval With Autoencoders And Semantic Hashing | Shallow |
| Leonid Boytsov, Bilegsaikhan Naidan, 2013. Learning To Prune In Metric And Non-metric Spaces | Shallow |
| Carreira-perpinan M., Raziperchikolaei, 2024. Hashing With Binary Autoencoders | Shallow |
| Carreira-perpiñán Miguel Á., Raziperchikolaei Ramin, 2015. Hashing With Binary Autoencoders | Shallow |
| Lawrence Cayton, Sanjoy Dasgupta, 2007. A Learning Framework For Nearest Neighbor Search | Shallow |
| Cayton Lawrence, 2011. Accelerating Nearest Neighbor Search On Manycore Systems | Shallow |
| Celebi M. Emre, 2010. Fast Color Quantization Using Weighted Sort-means Clustering | Shallow |
| Celebi M. Emre, 2011. Improving The Performance Of K-means For Color Quantization | Shallow |
| Charikar Moses, Kapralov Michael, Nouri Navid, Siminelakis Paris, 2020. Kernel Density Estimation Through Density Constrained Near Neighbor Search | Deep |
| Charte David, Charte Francisco, Del Jesus María J., Herrera Francisco, 2020. A Showcase Of The Use Of Autoencoders In Feature Learning Applications | Deep |
| Chen Liang, 2021. A High-dimensional Sparse Fourier Transform In The Continuous Setting | Deep |
| Qi Chen, Bing Zhao, Haidong Wang, Mingqin Li, Chuanjie Liu, Zhiyong Zheng, Mao Yang, Jingdong Wang, 2021. SPANN Highly-efficient Billion-scale Approximate Nearest Neighborhood Search | Shallow |
| Qi Chen, Bing Zhao, Haidong Wang, Mingqin Li, Chuanjie Liu, Zhiyong Zheng, Mao Yang, Jingdong Wang, 2021. SPANN Highly-efficient Billion-scale Approximate Nearest Neighborhood Search | Shallow |
| Qi Chen, Bing Zhao, Haidong Wang, Mingqin Li, Chuanjie Liu, Zhiyong Zheng, Mao Yang, Jingdong Wang, 2021. SPANN Highly-efficient Billion-scale Approximate Nearest Neighborhood Search | Shallow |
| Chen Patrick H., Wei-cheng Chang, Hsiang-fu Yu, Dhillon Inderjit S., Cho-jui Hsieh, 2022. FINGER Fast Inference For Graph-based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search | Shallow |
| Christiani Tobias, Pagh Rasmus, Thorup Mikkel, 2018. Confirmation Sampling For Exact Nearest Neighbor Search | Shallow |
| Connor Richard, Cardillo Franco Alberto, Vadicamo Lucia, Rabitti Fausto, 2016. Hilbert Exclusion Improved Metric Search Through Finite Isometric Embeddings | Shallow |
| Curtin Ryan R., Ram Parikshit, Gray Alexander G., 2012. Fast Exact Max-kernel Search | Shallow |
| Søren Dahlgaard, Mathias Knudsen, Mikkel Thorup, 2017. Practical Hash Functions For Similarity Estimation And Dimensionality Reduction | Shallow |
| Dalal Ketan, Devroye Luc, Malalla Ebrahim, 2023. Two-way Linear Probing Revisited | Shallow |
| Giannis Daras, Nikita Kitaev, Augustus Odena, Alexandros G. Dimakis, 2020. SMYRF - Efficient Attention Using Asymmetric Clustering | Shallow |
| Giannis Daras, Nikita Kitaev, Augustus Odena, Alexandros G. Dimakis, 2020. SMYRF - Efficient Attention Using Asymmetric Clustering | Shallow |
| Giannis Daras, Nikita Kitaev, Augustus Odena, Alexandros G. Dimakis, 2020. SMYRF - Efficient Attention Using Asymmetric Clustering | Shallow |
| De França Fabricio Olivetti, 2014. A Hash-based Co-clustering Algorithm For Categorical Data | Shallow |
| Dev Kapil, Lau Manfred, 2015. Improving Style Similarity Metrics Of 3D Shapes | Deep |
| Dev Kapil, Lau Manfred, 2015. Improving Style Similarity Metrics Of 3D Shapes | Shallow |
| Dias Caio Da S., Britto Alceu De S. Jr., Barddal Jean P., Heutte Laurent, Koerich Alessandro L., 2022. Pattern Spotting And Image Retrieval In Historical Documents Using Deep Hashing | Deep |
| Do Thanh-toan, Tan Dang-khoa Le, Pham Trung T., Cheung Ngai-man, 2017. Simultaneous Feature Aggregating And Hashing For Large-scale Image Search | Shallow |
| Doan Khoa D., Manchanda Saurav, Badirli Sarkhan, Reddy Chandan K., 2020. Image Hashing By Minimizing Discrete Component-wise Wasserstein Distance | Shallow |
| Doshi Ishita, Das Dhritiman, Bhutani Ashish, Kumar Rajeev, Bhatt Rushi, Balasubramanian Niranjan, 2020. LANNS A Web-scale Approximate Nearest Neighbor Lookup System | Deep |
| Du Chao, Wang Jingdong, 2014. Inner Product Similarity Search Using Compositional Codes | Shallow |
| Efremenko Klim, Kontorovich Aryeh, Noivirt Moshe, 2019. Fast And Bayes-consistent Nearest Neighbors | Shallow |
| Eghbali Sepehr, Tahvildari Ladan, 2016. Fast Cosine Similarity Search In Binary Space With Angular Multi-index Hashing | Shallow |
| El-kishky Ahmed, Markovich Thomas, Leung Kenny, Portman Frank, Haghighi Aria, Xiao Ying, 2022. Knn-embed Locally Smoothed Embedding Mixtures For Multi-interest Candidate Retrieval | Deep |
| Joshua Engels, Benjamin Coleman, Anshumali Shrivastava, 2021. Practical Near Neighbor Search Via Group Testing | Shallow |
| Joshua Engels, Benjamin Coleman, Anshumali Shrivastava, 2021. Practical Near Neighbor Search Via Group Testing | Shallow |
| Ferdowsi Sohrab, Voloshynovskiy Slava, Kostadinov Dimche, Holotyak Taras, 2017. Sparse Ternary Codes For Similarity Search Have Higher Coding Gain Than Dense Binary Codes | Deep |
| Fernandes Natasha, Kawamoto Yusuke, Murakami Takao, 2020. Locality Sensitive Hashing With Extended Differential Privacy | Shallow |
| Jean Feydy, Alexis Glaunès, Benjamin Charlier, Michael Bronstein, 2020. Fast Geometric Learning With Symbolic Matrices | Shallow |
| Garcia-morato Elena, Algar Maria Jesus, Alfaro Cesar, Ortega Felipe, Gomez Javier, Moguerza Javier M., 2024. A General Framework For Distributed Approximate Similarity Search With Arbitrary Distances | Shallow |
| Garcia-morato Elena, Algar Maria Jesus, Alfaro Cesar, Ortega Felipe, Gomez Javier, Moguerza Javier M., 2024. A General Framework For Distributed Approximate Similarity Search With Arbitrary Distances | Shallow |
| García-marco Ignacio, Márquez-corbella Irene, Martínez-moro Edgar, Pitones Yuriko, 2022. Free Resolutions And Generalized Hamming Weights Of Binary Linear Codes | Shallow |
| Gebre Binyam, Ranta Karoliina, Elzen Stef Van Den, Kuiper Ernst, Baars Thijs, Heskes Tom, 2024. Pfeed Generating Near Real-time Personalized Feeds Using Precomputed Embedding Similarities | Shallow |
| Geva Shlomo, De Vries Christopher M., 2012. Topsig Topology Preserving Document Signatures | Shallow |
| Geva Shlomo, De Vries Christopher M., 2012. Topsig Topology Preserving Document Signatures | Shallow |
| Ghashami Mina, Abdullah Amirali, 2015. Binary Coding In Stream | Shallow |
| Gillick Daniel, Presta Alessandro, Tomar Gaurav Singh, 2018. End-to-end Retrieval In Continuous Space | Shallow |
| Gionis A., Indyk, Motwani, 2024. Similarity Search In High Dimensions Via Hashing | Shallow |
| Gomes-gonçalves Erika, Gzyl Henryk, Nielsen Frank, 2018. Geometry And Clustering With Metrics Derived From Separable Bregman Divergences | Shallow |
| Govindarajan Shrisudhan Ahan, Sambugaro Zeno Ahan, Akhmedkhan Ahan, Shabanov, Takikawa Towaki, Rebain Daniel, Sun Weiwei, Conci Nicola, Yi Kwang Moo, Tagliasacchi Andrea, 2024. Lagrangian Hashing For Compressed Neural Field Representations | Shallow |
| Hajebi Kiana, Zhang Hong, 2013. An Efficient Index For Visual Search In Appearance-based SLAM | Shallow |
| Han Lei, Zhou Guyue, Xu Lan, Fang Lu, 2017. Beyond SIFT Using Binary Features For Loop Closure Detection | Shallow |
| Hansen Casper, Hansen Christian, Simonsen Jakob Grue, Alstrup Stephen, Lioma Christina, 2020. Content-aware Neural Hashing For Cold-start Recommendation | Shallow |
| Hansen Casper, 2021. Representation Learning For Efficient And Effective Similarity Search And Recommendation | Shallow |
| Hansen Casper, Hansen, Simonsen, Alstrup, Lioma, 2024. Content-aware Neural Hashing For Cold-start Recommendation | Shallow |
| Haq Irfan Ul, Caballero Juan, 2019. A Survey Of Binary Code Similarity | Shallow |
| Har-peled Sariel, Kumar Nirman, 2010. Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search For Low Dimensional Queries | Deep |
| Sariel Har-peled, Sepideh Mahabadi, 2019. Near Neighbor Who Is The Fairest Of Them All | Shallow |
| Sariel Har-peled, Sepideh Mahabadi, 2019. Near Neighbor Who Is The Fairest Of Them All | Shallow |
| He Junfeng Columbia University, Kumar Sanjiv Google Research, Chang Shih-fu Columbia University, 2012. On The Difficulty Of Nearest Neighbor Search | Shallow |
| He Junfeng Columbia University, Kumar Sanjiv Google Research, Chang Shih-fu Columbia University, 2012. On The Difficulty Of Nearest Neighbor Search | Shallow |
| He Xiangyu, Wang, Cheng, 2024. K-nearest Neighbors Hashing | Shallow |
| Hou Abe Bohan, Zhang Jingyu, Wang Yichen, Khashabi Daniel, He Tianxing, 2024. K-semstamp A Clustering-based Semantic Watermark For Detection Of Machine-generated Text | Shallow |
| Hou Abe Bohan, Zhang Jingyu, Wang Yichen, Khashabi Daniel, He Tianxing, 2024. K-semstamp A Clustering-based Semantic Watermark For Detection Of Machine-generated Text | Shallow |
| Hu Sihuang, Weinberger Nir, Shayevitz Ofer, 2017. On The Vc-dimension Of Binary Codes | Shallow |
| Hu Huan, Li Jianzhong, 2020. Efficient Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search For Multiple Weighted l_pleq2 Distance Functions | Shallow |
| Huang Qiang, Tung Anthony K. H., 2023. Lightweight-yet-efficient Revitalizing Ball-tree For Point-to-hyperplane Nearest Neighbor Search | Shallow |
| Indyk Piotr, Wagner Tal, 2018. Approximate Nearest Neighbors In Limited Space | Shallow |
| Indyk Piotr, Xu Haike, 2023. Worst-case Performance Of Popular Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search Implementations Guarantees And Limitations | Shallow |
| Iscen Ahmet, Avrithis Yannis, Tolias Giorgos, Furon Teddy, Chum Ondrej, 2017. Fast Spectral Ranking For Similarity Search | Shallow |
| Iscen Ahmet, Chum Ondrej, 2018. Local Orthogonal-group Testing | Shallow |
| Ishaq Najib, Student George, Daniels Noah M., 2019. Clustered Hierarchical Entropy-scaling Search Of Astronomical And Biological Data | Shallow |
| Jacques Laurent, 2013. A Quantized Johnson Lindenstrauss Lemma The Finding Of Buffons Needle | Shallow |
| Suhas Jayaram Subramanya, Fnu Devvrit, Harsha Vardhan Simhadri, Ravishankar Krishnawamy, Rohan Kadekodi, 2019. Diskann Fast Accurate Billion-point Nearest Neighbor Search On A Single Node | Shallow |
| Jegou Herve, Amsaleg, 2024. Datasets For Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search | Shallow |
| Jegou Herve, 2024. Microsoft Turing-anns-1b | Shallow |
| Jiang Guangqi, Wang Huibing, Peng Jinjia, Chen Dongyan, Fu Xianping, 2019. Graph-based Multi-view Binary Learning For Image Clustering | Shallow |
| Jie Zeng, 2013. A Novel Block-dct And PCA Based Image Perceptual Hashing Algorithm | Shallow |
| Kalantidis Yannis, Kennedy Lyndon, Nguyen Huy, Mellina Clayton, Shamma David A., 2016. LOH And Behold Web-scale Visual Search Recommendation And Clustering Using Locally Optimized Hashing | Shallow |
| Kaplan Haim, Tenenbaum Jay, 2020. Locality Sensitive Hashing For Set-queries Motivated By Group Recommendations | Shallow |
| Karjalainen Maiju, Galbrun Esther, Miettinen Pauli, 2024. Fast Redescription Mining Using Locality-sensitive Hashing | Shallow |
| Karunanayake Naveen, Rajasegaran Jathushan, Gunathillake Ashanie, Seneviratne Suranga, Jourjon Guillaume, 2020. A Multi-modal Neural Embeddings Approach For Detecting Mobile Counterfeit Apps A Case Study On Google Play Store | Deep |
| Kasyap Harsh, Atmaca Ugur Ilker, Maple Carsten, Cormode Graham, He Jiancong, 2024. Private And Secure Fuzzy Name Matching | Shallow |
| Kasyap Harsh, Atmaca Ugur Ilker, Maple Carsten, Cormode Graham, He Jiancong, 2024. Private And Secure Fuzzy Name Matching | Shallow |
| Kehl Wadim, Tombari Federico, Navab Nassir, Ilic Slobodan, Lepetit Vincent, 2016. Hashmod A Hashing Method For Scalable 3D Object Detection | Shallow |
| Khandelwal Urvashi, Fan Angela, Jurafsky Dan, Zettlemoyer Luke, Lewis Mike, 2020. Nearest Neighbor Machine Translation | Shallow |
| Kirchoff Kathryn E., Wellnitz James, Hochuli Joshua E., Maxfield Travis, Popov Konstantin I., Gomez Shawn, Tropsha Alexander, 2024. Utilizing Low-dimensional Molecular Embeddings For Rapid Chemical Similarity Search | Shallow |
| Kirchoff Kathryn E., Wellnitz James, Hochuli Joshua E., Maxfield Travis, Popov Konstantin I., Gomez Shawn, Tropsha Alexander, 2024. Utilizing Low-dimensional Molecular Embeddings For Rapid Chemical Similarity Search | Shallow |
| Kokkala Janne I., Östergård Patric R. J., 2015. A Coloring Of The Square Of The 8-cube With 13 Colors | Shallow |
| Weihao Kong, Wu-jun Li, 2012. Isotropic Hashing | Shallow |
| Kong W., Li, 2024. Isotropic Hashing | Shallow |
| Kong W., Li, Guo, 2024. Manhattan Hashing For Large-scale Image Retrieval | Shallow |
| Krishna Arjun, Ibrahim A S Akil Arif, 2019. Video Segment Copy Detection Using Memory Constrained Hierarchical Batch-normalized LSTM Autoencoder | Deep |
| Krishnan Aditya, Liberty Edo, 2021. Projective Clustering Product Quantization | Shallow |
| Kuo Yin-hsi, Hsu Winston H., 2016. De-hashing Server-side Context-aware Feature Reconstruction For Mobile Visual Search | Shallow |
| Köppl Dominik, 2019. Separate Chaining Meets Compact Hashing | Shallow |
| Laarhoven Thijs, 2017. Faster Tuple Lattice Sieving Using Spherical Locality-sensitive Filters | Shallow |
| Lai Hanjiang, Pan Yan, 2017. Improved Search In Hamming Space Using Deep Multi-index Hashing | Shallow |
| Lassance Carlos, Formal Thibault, Clinchant Stephane, 2022. Composite Code Sparse Autoencoders For First Stage Retrieval | Shallow |
| Lav Inbal, Avidan Shai, Singer Yoram, Hel-or Yacov, 2020. Proximity Preserving Binary Code Using Signed Graph-cut | Shallow |
| Lehmann Hans-peter, Sanders Peter, Walzer Stefan, 2023. Sliding Block Hashing (slick) -- Basic Algorithmic Ideas | Shallow |
| Ping Li, Arnd Konig, Wenhao Gui, 2010. B-bit Minwise Hashing For Estimating Three-way Similarities | Shallow |
| Li Ping, Konig Christian, 2011. Accurate Estimators For Improving Minwise Hashing And B-bit Minwise Hashing | Deep |
| Li Ke, Malik Jitendra, 2017. Fast K-nearest Neighbour Search Via Prioritized DCI | Shallow |
| Li Yuping, Jang Jiong, Ou Xinming, 2020. Topology-aware Hashing For Effective Control Flow Graph Similarity Analysis | Shallow |
| Li Yuping, Jang Jiong, Ou Xinming, 2020. Topology-aware Hashing For Effective Control Flow Graph Similarity Analysis | Shallow |
| Lillis David, Breitinger Frank, Scanlon Mark, 2017. Hierarchical Bloom Filter Trees For Approximate Matching | Shallow |
| Erik Lindgren, Shanshan Wu, Alexandros G. Dimakis, 2016. Leveraging Sparsity For Efficient Submodular Data Summarization | Shallow |
| Erik Lindgren, Shanshan Wu, Alexandros G. Dimakis, 2016. Leveraging Sparsity For Efficient Submodular Data Summarization | Shallow |
| Lindgren Erik M., Wu Shanshan, Dimakis Alexandros G., 2017. Leveraging Sparsity For Efficient Submodular Data Summarization | Shallow |
| Liu Shicong, Lu Hongtao, Shao Junru, 2015. Improved Residual Vector Quantization For High-dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search | Shallow |
| Liu Chenghao, Lu Tao, Wang Xin, Cheng Zhiyong, Sun Jianling, Hoi Steven C. H., 2019. Compositional Coding For Collaborative Filtering | Shallow |
| Liu Xuanwu, Wang Jun, Yu Guoxian, Domeniconi Carlotta, Zhang Xiangliang, 2019. Weakly-paired Cross-modal Hashing | Shallow |
| Liu X., He, Lang, Chang, 2024. Hash Bit Selection A Unified Solution For Selection Problems In Hashing | Shallow |
| Liu W., Wang, Kumar, Chang, 2024. Hashing With Graphs | Shallow |
| Lv Q., Josephson, Wang, Charikar, Li, 2024. Multi-probe LSH Efficient Indexing For High-dimensional Similarity Search | Shallow |
| Ma Cheng, Lu Jiwen, Zhou Jie, 2021. Rank-consistency Deep Hashing For Scalable Multi-label Image Search | Shallow |
| Ma Cheng, Lu Jiwen, Zhou Jie, 2021. Rank-consistency Deep Hashing For Scalable Multi-label Image Search | Deep |
| Ma Xueguang, Teofili Tommaso, Lin Jimmy, 2023. Anserini Gets Dense Retrieval Integration Of Lucenes HNSW Indexes | Deep |
| Macgregor Peter, Sun He, 2023. Fast Approximation Of Similarity Graphs With Kernel Density Estimation | Shallow |
| Macgregor Peter, Sun He, 2023. Fast Approximation Of Similarity Graphs With Kernel Density Estimation | Shallow |
| Macgregor Peter, Sun He, 2024. Spectral Toolkit Of Algorithms For Graphs Technical Report (2) | Shallow |
| Macgregor Peter, Sun He, 2024. Spectral Toolkit Of Algorithms For Graphs Technical Report (2) | Shallow |
| Magliani Federico, Fontanini Tomaso, Prati Andrea, 2018. Efficient Nearest Neighbors Search For Large-scale Landmark Recognition | Shallow |
| Manohar Magdalen Dobson, Shen Zheqi, Blelloch Guy E., Dhulipala Laxman, Gu Yan, Simhadri Harsha Vardhan, Sun Yihan, 2023. Parlayann Scalable And Deterministic Parallel Graph-based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search Algorithms | Deep |
| Marshall Jonathan A., Rafsky Lawrence C., 2017. Exact Clustering In Linear Time | Shallow |
| Marshall Jonathan A., Rafsky Lawrence C., 2017. Exact Clustering In Linear Time | Shallow |
| Mccauley Samuel, 2024. Improved Space-efficient Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search Using Function Inversion | Shallow |
| Meisburger Nicholas, Shrivastava Anshumali, 2020. Distributed Tera-scale Similarity Search With MPI Provably Efficient Similarity Search Over Billions Without A Single Distance Computation | Shallow |
| Melo-acosta Germán E., Duitama-muñoz Freddy, Arias-londoño Julián D., 2022. An Instance Selection Algorithm For Big Data In High Imbalanced Datasets Based On LSH | Shallow |
| Microsoft Microsoft, 2024. Microsoft SPACEV-1B | Shallow |
| Morvan Anne, Souloumiac Antoine, Gouy-pailler Cédric, Atif Jamal, 2017. Streaming Binary Sketching Based On Subspace Tracking And Diagonal Uniformization | Deep |
| Morvan Anne, Souloumiac Antoine, Choromanski Krzysztof, Gouy-pailler Cédric, Atif Jamal, 2018. On The Needs For Rotations In Hypercubic Quantization Hashing | Shallow |
| Mu Cun, Yang Binwei, Yan Zheng, 2019. An Empirical Comparison Of FAISS And FENSHSES For Nearest Neighbor Search In Hamming Space | Shallow |
| Mu Cun, Zhao Jun, Yang Guang, Yang Binwei, Yan Zheng, 2019. Fast And Exact Nearest Neighbor Search In Hamming Space On Full-text Search Engines | Shallow |
| Mulzer Wolfgang, Nguyen Huy L., Seiferth Paul, Stein Yannik, 2014. Approximate K-flat Nearest Neighbor Search | Shallow |
| Murtagh Fionn, Contreras Pedro, 2011. Fast Linear Time M-adic Hierarchical Clustering For Search And Retrieval Using The Baire Metric With Linkages To Generalized Ultrametrics Hashing Formal Concept Analysis And Precision Of Data Measurement | Shallow |
| Naidan Bilegsaikhan, Boytsov Leonid, Nyberg Eric, 2015. Permutation Search Methods Are Efficient Yet Faster Search Is Possible | Shallow |
| Netay Igor V., 2024. Hashing Geographical Point Data Using The Space-filling H-curve | Deep |
| Netay Igor V., 2024. Hashing Geographical Point Data Using The Space-filling H-curve | Shallow |
| Neyshabur Behnam, Makarychev Yury, Srebro Nathan, 2014. Clustering Hamming Embedding Generalized LSH And The Max Norm | Deep |
| Neyshabur Behnam, Makarychev Yury, Srebro Nathan, 2014. Clustering Hamming Embedding Generalized LSH And The Max Norm | Shallow |
| Nguyen Huy L., 2013. Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search In ell_p | Shallow |
| Norouzi Mohammad, Punjani Ali, Fleet David J., 2013. Fast Exact Search In Hamming Space With Multi-index Hashing | Shallow |
| Ono Naoki, Matsui Yusuke, 2023. Relative Nn-descent A Fast Index Construction For Graph-based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search | Shallow |
| Ootomo Hiroyuki, Naruse Akira, Nolet Corey, Wang Ray, Feher Tamas, Wang Yong, 2023. CAGRA Highly Parallel Graph Construction And Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search For Gpus | Shallow |
| Ortega Felipe, Algar Maria Jesus, De Diego Isaac Martín, Moguerza Javier M., 2022. Unconventional Application Of K-means For Distributed Approximate Similarity Search | Shallow |
| Ortega Felipe, Algar Maria Jesus, De Diego Isaac Martín, Moguerza Javier M., 2022. Unconventional Application Of K-means For Distributed Approximate Similarity Search | Deep |
| Paria Biswajit, Yeh Chih-kuan, Yen Ian E. H., Xu Ning, Ravikumar Pradeep, Póczos Barnabás, 2020. Minimizing Flops To Learn Efficient Sparse Representations | Shallow |
| Pestov Vladimir, 1999. On The Geometry Of Similarity Search Dimensionality Curse And Concentration Of Measure | Shallow |
| Pestov Vladimir, Stojmirovic Aleksandar, 2002. Indexing Schemes For Similarity Search An Illustrated Paradigm | Shallow |
| Ninh Pham, Tao Liu, 2022. Falconn++ A Locality-sensitive Filtering Approach For Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search | Deep |
| Ninh Pham, Tao Liu, 2022. Falconn++ A Locality-sensitive Filtering Approach For Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search | Deep |
| Prezza Nicola, 2023. Algorithms For Massive Data -- Lecture Notes | Shallow |
| Qi Shuren, Zhang Yushu, Wang Chao, Zhou Jiantao, Cao Xiaochun, 2022. A Principled Design Of Image Representation Towards Forensic Tasks | Shallow |
| Qiao Shishi, Wang Ruiping, Shan Shiguang, Chen Xilin, 2019. Deep Heterogeneous Hashing For Face Video Retrieval | Deep |
| Parikshit Ram, Dongryeol Lee, Hua Ouyang, Alexander Gray, 2009. Rank-approximate Nearest Neighbor Search Retaining Meaning And Speed In High Dimensions | Shallow |
| Ravfogel Shauli, Pyatkin Valentina, Cohen Amir Dn, Manevich Avshalom, Goldberg Yoav, 2023. Description-based Text Similarity | Shallow |
| Rong Kexin, Yoon, Bergen, Elezabi, Bailis Peter, Levis, Beroza, 2024. Locality-sensitive Hashing For Earthquake Detection A Case Study Of Scaling Data-driven Science | Shallow |
| Rossi Nicholas, Lin Juexin, Liu Feng, Yang Zhen, Lee Tony, Magnani Alessandro, Liao Ciya, 2024. Relevance Filtering For Embedding-based Retrieval | Shallow |
| Rubinstein Aviad, 2018. Hardness Of Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search | Shallow |
| Mohammad Saberian, Jose Costa Pereira, Can Xu, Jian Yang, Nuno Nvasconcelos, 2016. Large Margin Discriminant Dimensionality Reduction In Prediction Space | Shallow |
| Saha Suman, Ghrera S. P., 2015. Nearest Neighbor Search In Complex Network For Community Detection | Deep |
| Satuluri Venu, Parthasarathy Srinivasan, 2011. Bayesian Locality Sensitive Hashing For Fast Similarity Search | Shallow |
| Schiavo Alessio, Minutella Filippo, Daole Mattia, Gomez Marsha Gomez, 2021. Sketches Image Analysis Web Image Search Engine Usinglsh Index And DNN Inceptionv3 | Shallow |
| Shao Zhen, 2022. Johnson-lindenstrauss Embeddings For Noisy Vectors -- Taking Advantage Of The Noise | Shallow |
| Shastri Aditya A., Ahuja Kapil, Ratnaparkhe Milind B., Shah Aditya, Gagrani Aishwary, Lal Anant, 2018. Vector Quantized Spectral Clustering Applied To Soybean Whole Genome Sequences | Shallow |
| Shen Fumin, Shen Chunhua, Shi Qinfeng, Hengel Anton Van Den, Tang Zhenmin, 2013. Inductive Hashing On Manifolds | Deep |
| Shen Fumin, Shen Chunhua, Shi Qinfeng, Hengel Anton Van Den, Tang Zhenmin, 2013. Inductive Hashing On Manifolds | Shallow |
| Shenoy Sanjeev, Kuo Tsung-ting, Gabriel Rodney, Mcauley Julian, Hsu Chun-nan, 2017. Deduplication In A Massive Clinical Note Dataset | Shallow |
| Shi Yang, Anandkumar Animashree, 2019. Higher-order Count Sketch Dimensionality Reduction That Retains Efficient Tensor Operations | Deep |
| Shinde Rajendra, Goel Ashish, Gupta Pankaj, Dutta Debojyoti, 2010. Similarity Search And Locality Sensitive Hashing Using Tcams | Shallow |
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