Quantisation Models play a crucial role in nearest neighbor search by converting real-valued data into binary hashcodes, making it easier and faster to retrieve similar items. Two primary types of quantization have been developed: scalar and vector quantisation. The difference lies in whether the input and output are treated as a single scalar or as a vector. This page focuses on scalar quantisation, a widely-used method in hashing.
In scalar quantization, the real-valued projections (resulting from the dot product between a data-point’s feature vector and the normal vectors of hyperplanes partitioning the feature space) are transformed into binary values. Each dot product produces a scalar value, which is then quantised into binary (0/1) through a thresholding process. The sequence of these binary values is concatenated to form a unique hashcode for each data point.
Below is a list of key publications on quantisation models, ordered by their bibliographic key:
| Paper | Learning Type |
|---|---|
| Chuan-xiang, Chen, Zhang, Luo, Nie, Zhang, Xu, 2024. SCRATCH A Scalable Discrete Matrix Factorization Hashing For Cross-modal Retrieval | Shallow |
| Agrell Erik, Pook-kolb Daniel, Allen Bruce, 2023. Glued Lattices Are Better Quantizers Than K_12 | Shallow |
| Aguerrebere Cecilia, Bhati Ishwar, Hildebrand Mark, Tepper Mariano, Willke Ted, 2023. Similarity Search In The Blink Of An Eye With Compressed Indices | Shallow |
| Aguerrebere Cecilia, Hildebrand Mark, Bhati Ishwar Singh, Willke Theodore, Tepper Mariano, 2024. Locally-adaptive Quantization For Streaming Vector Search | Shallow |
| Amara Kenza, Douze Matthijs, Sablayrolles Alexandre, Jégou Hervé, 2021. Nearest Neighbor Search With Compact Codes A Decoder Perspective | Shallow |
| André Fabien Technicolor, Kermarrec Anne-marie Inria, Scouarnec Nicolas Le Technicolor, 2017. Accelerated Nearest Neighbor Search With Quick ADC | Shallow |
| André Fabien, 2017. Exploiting Modern Hardware For High-dimensional Nearest Neighbor Search | Shallow |
| André Fabien, Kermarrec Anne-marie, Scouarnec Nicolas Le, 2019. Derived Codebooks For High-accuracy Nearest Neighbor Search | Shallow |
| Annaji Rajashekar, Rao Shrisha, 2009. Parallelization Of The LBG Vector Quantization Algorithm For Shared Memory Systems | Deep |
| Babenko Artem, Lempitsky Victor, 2014. Improving Bilayer Product Quantization For Billion-scale Approximate Nearest Neighbors In High Dimensions | Shallow |
| Bahou Andrawes Al, Karunaratne Geethan, Andri Renzo, Cavigelli Lukas, Benini Luca, 2018. XNORBIN A 95 Top/s/w Hardware Accelerator For Binary Convolutional Neural Networks | Deep |
| Barg Alexander, Glazyrin Alexey, Kao Wei-jiun, Lai Ching-yi, Tseng Pin-chieh, Yu Wei-hsuan, 2022. On The Size Of Maximal Binary Codes With 2 3 And 4 Distances | Shallow |
| Beame Paul, Rashtchian Cyrus, 2016. Massively-parallel Similarity Join Edge-isoperimetry And Distance Correlations On The Hypercube | Shallow |
| Samy Bengio, Fernando Pereira, Yoram Singer, Dennis Strelow, 2009. Group Sparse Coding | Shallow |
| Binder Nikolaus, Fricke Sascha, Keller Alexander, 2019. Massively Parallel Path Space Filtering | Shallow |
| Black Alexander, Bui Tu, Mai Long, Jin Hailin, Collomosse John, 2021. Compositional Sketch Search | Deep |
| Liefeng Bo, Cristian Sminchisescu, 2009. Efficient Match Kernel Between Sets Of Features For Visual Recognition | Shallow |
| Borgersen Karl Audun Kagnes, Goodwin Morten, Sharma Jivitesh, Aasmoe Tobias, Leonhardsen Mari, Rørvik Gro Herredsvela, 2023. Corrembed Evaluating Pre-trained Model Image Similarity Efficacy With A Novel Metric | Shallow |
| Budikova Petra, Botorek Jan, Batko Michal, Zezula Pavel, 2014. DISA At Imageclef 2014 Revised Search-based Image Annotation With Decaf Features | Shallow |
| Cao Yue, Long Mingsheng, Wang Jianmin, Yu Philip S., 2016. Correlation Hashing Network For Efficient Cross-modal Retrieval | Deep |
| Cao Zhangjie, Sun Ziping, Long Mingsheng, Wang Jianmin, Yu Philip S., 2018. Deep Priority Hashing | Deep |
| Cao Yue, Long, Wang, Liu, 2024. Collective Deep Quantization For Efficient Cross-modal Retrieval | Shallow |
| Cao Yue, Long, Wang, Zhu, 2024. Correlation Autoencoder Hashing For Supervised Cross-modal Search | Deep |
| Cappellari Lorenzo, 2007. Trellis-coded Quantization Based On Maximum-hamming-distance Binary Codes | Deep |
| Celebi M. Emre, 2010. Fast Color Quantization Using Weighted Sort-means Clustering | Shallow |
| Celebi M. Emre, 2011. Improving The Performance Of K-means For Color Quantization | Shallow |
| Chan Cheng-hung, Yuan Cheng-yang, Sun Cheng, Chen Hwann-tzong, 2023. Hashing Neural Video Decomposition With Multiplicative Residuals In Space-time | Shallow |
| Chandrasekhar Vijay, Lin Jie, Liao Qianli, Morère Olivier, Veillard Antoine, Duan Lingyu, Poggio Tomaso, 2017. Compression Of Deep Neural Networks For Image Instance Retrieval | Deep |
| Chatfield Ken, Simonyan Karen, Zisserman Andrew, 2014. Efficient On-the-fly Category Retrieval Using Convnets And Gpus | Deep |
| Chen Gang, Corso Jason, 2012. Greedy Multiple Instance Learning Via Codebook Learning And Nearest Neighbor Voting | Shallow |
| Chen Shen, Cao Liujuan, Lin Mingbao, Wang Yan, Sun Xiaoshuai, Wu Chenglin, Qiu Jingfei, Ji Rongrong, 2019. Hadamard Codebook Based Deep Hashing | Deep |
| Chen Zimin, Monperrus Martin, 2019. A Literature Study Of Embeddings On Source Code | Deep |
| Chen Wei, Chen Jincai, Zou Fuhao, Li Yuan-fang, Lu Ping, Wang Qiang, Zhao Wei, 2019. Vector And Line Quantization For Billion-scale Similarity Search On Gpus | Deep |
| Chen Mingrui, Li Weiyu, Lu Weizhi, 2021. Deep Learning To Ternary Hash Codes By Continuation | Deep |
| Chen Yankai, Zhang Yifei, Zhang Yingxue, Guo Huifeng, Li Jingjie, Tang Ruiming, He Xiuqiang, King Irwin, 2021. Towards Low-loss 1-bit Quantization Of User-item Representations For Top-k Recommendation | Deep |
| Chen Yankai, Guo Huifeng, Zhang Yingxue, Ma Chen, Tang Ruiming, Li Jingjie, King Irwin, 2022. Learning Binarized Graph Representations With Multi-faceted Quantization Reinforcement For Top-k Recommendation | Shallow |
| Chen Fangyi, Zhang Han, Li Zaiwang, Dou Jiachen, Mo Shentong, Chen Hao, Zhang Yongxin, Ahmed Uzair, Zhu Chenchen, Savvides Marios, 2022. Unitail Detecting Reading And Matching In Retail Scene | Shallow |
| Chen Yihang, Wu Qianyi, Lin Weiyao, Harandi Mehrtash, Cai Jianfei, 2024. HAC Hash-grid Assisted Context For 3D Gaussian Splatting Compression | Shallow |
| Chen Yong, Tian, Zhang, Wang, Zhang, 2024. Strongly Constrained Discrete Hashing | Shallow |
| Conjeti Sailesh, Roy Abhijit Guha, Katouzian Amin, Navab Nassir, 2016. Deep Residual Hashing | Deep |
| Corlay Sylvain Lpma, 2011. A Fast Nearest Neighbor Search Algorithm Based On Vector Quantization | Shallow |
| Dereich S., Lifshits M. A., 2004. Probabilities Of Randomly Centered Small Balls And Quantization In Banach Spaces | Deep |
| Dirksen Sjoerd, Stollenwerk Alexander, 2016. Fast Binary Embeddings With Gaussian Circulant Matrices Improved Bounds | Shallow |
| Do Thanh-toan, Hoang Tuan, Tan Dang-khoa Le, Pham Trung, Le Huu, Cheung Ngai-man, Reid Ian, 2018. Binary Constrained Deep Hashing Network For Image Retrieval Without Manual Annotation | Deep |
| Doan Khoa D., Yang Peng, Li Ping, 2022. One Loss For Quantization Deep Hashing With Discrete Wasserstein Distributional Matching | Deep |
| Dong Yihe, Indyk Piotr, Razenshteyn Ilya, Wagner Tal, 2019. Learning Space Partitions For Nearest Neighbor Search | Shallow |
| Dong Yihe, Indyk, Razenshteyn, Wagner, 2024. Learning Space Partitions For Nearest Neighbor Search | Shallow |
| Douze Matthijs, Jégou Hervé, Perronnin Florent, 2016. Polysemous Codes | Shallow |
| Douze Matthijs, Sablayrolles Alexandre, Jégou Hervé, 2018. Link And Code Fast Indexing With Graphs And Compact Regression Codes | Shallow |
| Dubey Shiv Ram, Singh Satish Kumar, Chu Wei-ta, 2021. Vision Transformer Hashing For Image Retrieval | Deep |
| Dubey Ayush, Dubey Shiv Ram, Singh Satish Kumar, Chu Wei-ta, 2024. Transformer-based Clipped Contrastive Quantization Learning For Unsupervised Image Retrieval | Deep |
| Shahaf E. Finder, Yair Zohav, Maor Ashkenazi, Eran Treister, 2022. Wavelet Feature Maps Compression For Image-to-image Cnns | Deep |
| Eghbali Sepehr, Tahvildari Ladan, 2019. Deep Spherical Quantization For Image Search | Deep |
| Facebook/meta Facebook/meta, 2024. Facebook Simsearchnet++ | Shallow |
| Ferdowsi Sohrab, Voloshynovskiy Slava, Kostadinov Dimche, 2017. A Multi-layer Network Based On Sparse Ternary Codes For Universal Vector Compression | Shallow |
| Fernandez Pierre, Douze Matthijs, Jégou Hervé, Furon Teddy, 2022. Active Image Indexing | Deep |
| Fuad Muhammad Marwan Muhammad, 2013. ABC-SG A New Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm-based Distance Of Sequential Data Using Sigma Grams | Deep |
| Gao Lianli, Zhu Xiaosu, Song Jingkuan, Zhao Zhou, Shen Heng Tao, 2019. Beyond Product Quantization Deep Progressive Quantization For Image Retrieval | Deep |
| Gao Jianyang, Gou Yutong, Xu Yuexuan, Yang Yongyi, Long Cheng, Wong Raymond Chi-wing, 2024. Practical And Asymptotically Optimal Quantization Of High-dimensional Vectors In Euclidean Space For Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search | Shallow |
| Garg Sourav, Milford Michael, 2020. Fast Compact And Highly Scalable Visual Place Recognition Through Sequence-based Matching Of Overloaded Representations | Shallow |
| Girish Sharath, Shrivastava Abhinav, Gupta Kamal, 2023. SHACIRA Scalable Hash-grid Compression For Implicit Neural Representations | Shallow |
| Gomes-gonçalves Erika, Gzyl Henryk, Nielsen Frank, 2018. Geometry And Clustering With Metrics Derived From Separable Bregman Divergences | Shallow |
| Yunchao Gong, Sanjiv Kumar, Vishal Verma, Svetlana Lazebnik, 2012. Angular Quantization-based Binary Codes For Fast Similarity Search | Shallow |
| Gong Qinkang, Wang Liangdao, Lai Hanjiang, Pan Yan, Yin Jian, 2022. Vit2hash Unsupervised Information-preserving Hashing | Shallow |
| Gong Y., Lazebnik, 2024. Iterative Quantization A Procrustean Approach To Learning Binary Codes | Shallow |
| Gong Y., Kumar, Rowley, Lazebnik, 2024. Learning Binary Codes For High-dimensional Data Using Bilinear Projections | Shallow |
| Gordo Albert, Almazan Jon, Revaud Jerome, Larlus Diane, 2016. End-to-end Learning Of Deep Visual Representations For Image Retrieval | Deep |
| Gripon Vincent, Löwe Matthias, Vermet Franck, 2016. Associative Memories To Accelerate Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search | Shallow |
| Guan Hui, Malevich Andrey, Yang Jiyan, Park Jongsoo, Yuen Hector, 2019. Post-training 4-bit Quantization On Embedding Tables | Shallow |
| Guo Ruiqi, Kumar Sanjiv, Choromanski Krzysztof, Simcha David, 2015. Quantization Based Fast Inner Product Search | Shallow |
| Gupta Ankit, Sintorn Ida-maria, 2023. Efficient High-resolution Template Matching With Vector Quantized Nearest Neighbour Fields | Shallow |
| Habi Hai Victor, Jennings Roy H., Netzer Arnon, 2020. HMQ Hardware Friendly Mixed Precision Quantization Block For Cnns | Shallow |
| Hacene Ghouthi Boukli Elec, Gripon Vincent Elec, Arzel Matthieu Elec, Farrugia Nicolas Elec, Bengio Yoshua Diro, 2018. Quantized Guided Pruning For Efficient Hardware Implementations Of Convolutional Neural Networks | Deep |
| Hajebi Kiana, Zhang Hong, 2013. An Efficient Index For Visual Search In Appearance-based SLAM | Shallow |
| Hajebi Kiana, Zhang Hong, 2013. Stopping Rules For Bag-of-words Image Search And Its Application In Appearance-based Localization | Shallow |
| Hamster Ulf A., Lee Ji-ung, Geyken Alexander, Gurevych Iryna, 2023. Rediscovering Hashed Random Projections For Efficient Quantization Of Contextualized Sentence Embeddings | Shallow |
| Han Yikun, Liu Chunjiang, Wang Pengfei, 2023. A Comprehensive Survey On Vector Database Storage And Retrieval Technique Challenge | Shallow |
| Hemati Sobhan, Tizhoosh H. R., 2021. Beyond Neighbourhood-preserving Transformations For Quantization-based Unsupervised Hashing | Shallow |
| Hemati Sobhan, Tizhoosh, 2024. Beyond Neighbourhood-preserving Transformations For Quantization-based Unsupervised Hashing | Shallow |
| Hoang Tuan, Do Thanh-toan, Tan Dang-khoa Le, Cheung Ngai-man, 2017. Enhance Feature Discrimination For Unsupervised Hashing | Shallow |
| Hoang Tuan, Do Thanh-toan, Le Huu, Le-tan Dang-khoa, Cheung Ngai-man, 2018. Simultaneous Compression And Quantization A Joint Approach For Efficient Unsupervised Hashing | Deep |
| Hoe Jiun Tian, Ng Kam Woh, Zhang Tianyu, Chan Chee Seng, Song Yi-zhe, Xiang Tao, 2021. One Loss For All Deep Hashing With A Single Cosine Similarity Based Learning Objective | Deep |
| Hoe Jiun, Ng, Zhang, Chan Chee, Song Yi-zhe, Xiang Tao, 2024. One Loss For All Deep Hashing With A Single Cosine Similarity Based Learning Objective | Deep |
| Hu Junlin, Guo Ping, 2012. Combined Descriptors In Spatial Pyramid Domain For Image Classification | Deep |
| Huang Shanshan, Xiong Yichao, Zhang Ya, Wang Jia, 2017. Unsupervised Triplet Hashing For Fast Image Retrieval | Shallow |
| Huijben Iris A. M., Douze Matthijs, Muckley Matthew, Van Sloun Ruud J. G., Verbeek Jakob, 2024. Residual Quantization With Implicit Neural Codebooks | Deep |
| Huynh Thang, Saab Rayan, 2018. Fast Binary Embeddings And Quantized Compressed Sensing With Structured Matrices | Shallow |
| Piotr Indyk, Ilya Razenshteyn, Tal Wagner, 2017. Practical Data-dependent Metric Compression With Provable Guarantees | Shallow |
| Irie G., Li, Wu, Chang, 2024. Locally Linear Hashing For Extracting Non-linear Manifolds | Shallow |
| Ishikawa Kohta, Sato Ikuro, Ambai Mitsuru, 2015. Pairwise Rotation Hashing For High-dimensional Features | Shallow |
| Jacques Laurent, 2013. A Quantized Johnson Lindenstrauss Lemma The Finding Of Buffons Needle | Shallow |
| Jacques Laurent, Cambareri Valerio, 2016. Time For Dithering Fast And Quantized Random Embeddings Via The Restricted Isometry Property | Shallow |
| Jain Himalaya, Pérez Patrick, Gribonval Rémi, Zepeda Joaquin, Jégou Hervé, 2016. Approximate Search With Quantized Sparse Representations | Deep |
| Jain Himalaya, Zepeda Joaquin, Pérez Patrick, Gribonval Rémi, 2017. SUBIC A Supervised Structured Binary Code For Image Search | Shallow |
| Jang Min-hee, Kim Sang-wook, Faloutsos Christos, Park Sunju, 2011. A Linear-time Approximation Of The Earth Movers Distance | Shallow |
| Jang Young Kyun, Cho Nam Ik, 2020. Generalized Product Quantization Network For Semi-supervised Image Retrieval | Deep |
| Jang Young Kyun, Gu Geonmo, Ko Byungsoo, Kang Isaac, Cho Nam Ik, 2021. Deep Hash Distillation For Image Retrieval | Deep |
| Jang Young Kyun, Cho Nam Ik, 2021. Self-supervised Product Quantization For Deep Unsupervised Image Retrieval | Shallow |
| Jang Young Kyun, Kim Donghyun, Lim Ser-nam, 2024. Distilling Vision-language Pretraining For Efficient Cross-modal Retrieval | Shallow |
| Jegou H., Douze, Schmid, 2024. Searching With Quantization Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search Using Short Codes And Distance Estimators | Deep |
| Jeong Yeonwoo, Kim Yoonsung, Song Hyun Oh, 2019. End-to-end Efficient Representation Learning Via Cascading Combinatorial Optimization | Shallow |
| Jhuo I-hong, Wang Jun, 2017. Set-to-set Hashing With Applications In Visual Recognition | Shallow |
| Jian Xiaozheng, Lu Jianqiu, Yuan Zexi, Li Ao, 2020. Fast Top-k Cosine Similarity Search Through Xor-friendly Binary Quantization On Gpus | Shallow |
| Jiang Tao, Vardy Alexander, 2004. Asymptotic Improvement Of The Gilbert-varshamov Bound On The Size Of Binary Codes | Shallow |
| Jiang Yunjiang, Zhang Han, Qiu Yiming, Xiao Yun, Long Bo, Yang Wen-yun, 2022. Givens Coordinate Descent Methods For Rotation Matrix Learning In Trainable Embedding Indexes | Deep |
| Jie Zeng, 2013. A Novel Block-dct And PCA Based Image Perceptual Hashing Algorithm | Shallow |
| Jin Sheng, Yao Hongxun, Sun Xiaoshuai, Zhou Shangchen, Zhang Lei, Hua Xiansheng, 2018. Deep Saliency Hashing | Deep |
| Jin Sheng, 2018. Unsupervised Semantic Deep Hashing | Deep |
| Jin Sheng, Yao, Sun, Zhou, Zhang, Hua, 2024. Deep Saliency Hashing For Fine-grained Retrieval | Deep |
| Jin Sheng, Yao, Zhou, Liu, Huang, Hua, 2024. Unsupervised Discrete Hashing With Affinity Similarity | Deep |
| Johnson Jeff, Douze Matthijs, Jégou Hervé, 2017. Billion-scale Similarity Search With Gpus | Shallow |
| Jose Abin, Ottlik Erik Stefan, Rohlfing Christian, Ohm Jens-rainer, 2020. Optimized Feature Space Learning For Generating Efficient Binary Codes For Image Retrieval | Shallow |
| Joulin Armand, Grave Edouard, Bojanowski Piotr, Douze Matthijs, Jégou Hérve, Mikolov Tomas, 2016. Fasttext.zip Compressing Text Classification Models | Shallow |
| Jégou Hervé Inria - Irisa, Tavenard Romain Inria - Irisa, Douze Matthijs Inria Rhône-alpes / Ljk Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann, Sed, Amsaleg Laurent Inria - Irisa, 2011. Searching In One Billion Vectors Re-rank With Source Coding | Shallow |
| Kalantidis Yannis, Kennedy Lyndon, Nguyen Huy, Mellina Clayton, Shamma David A., 2016. LOH And Behold Web-scale Visual Search Recommendation And Clustering Using Locally Optimized Hashing | Shallow |
| Kang Wang-cheng, Cheng Derek Zhiyuan, Yao Tiansheng, Yi Xinyang, Chen Ting, Hong Lichan, Chi Ed H., 2020. Learning To Embed Categorical Features Without Embedding Tables For Recommendation | Shallow |
| Khoram Soroosh, Wright Stephen J, Li Jing, 2019. Interleaved Composite Quantization For High-dimensional Similarity Search | Shallow |
| Kim Saehoon, Choi Seungjin, 2015. Bilinear Random Projections For Locality-sensitive Binary Codes | Shallow |
| Klein Benjamin, Wolf Lior, 2017. End-to-end Supervised Product Quantization For Image Search And Retrieval | Deep |
| Ko Anthony, Keivanloo Iman, Lakshman Vihan, Schkufza Eric, 2021. Low-precision Quantization For Efficient Nearest Neighbor Search | Shallow |
| Weihao Kong, Wu-jun Li, 2012. Isotropic Hashing | Deep |
| Kong W., Li, 2024. Double-bit Quantisation For Hashing | Shallow |
| Kong W., Li, 2024. Isotropic Hashing | Deep |
| Koutaki Gou, Shirai Keiichiro, Ambai Mitsuru, 2016. Fast Supervised Discrete Hashing And Its Analysis | Shallow |
| Krishnan Aditya, Liberty Edo, 2021. Projective Clustering Product Quantization | Deep |
| Kumar Bheshaj, Thakur Kavita, Sinha G. R., 2012. A New Hybrid Jpeg Image Compression Scheme Using Symbol Reduction Technique | Shallow |
| Kwok Yuan, 2024. Learning To Hash With A Dimension Analysis-based Quantizer For Image Retrieval | Deep |
| Lai Hanjiang, Pan Yan, Liu Ye, Yan Shuicheng, 2015. Simultaneous Feature Learning And Hash Coding With Deep Neural Networks | Deep |
| Lai H., Pan, Liu, Yan, 2024. Simultaneous Feature Learning And Hash Coding With Deep Neural Networks | Deep |
| Lam Maximilian, 2018. Word2bits - Quantized Word Vectors | Shallow |
| Lassance Carlos, Formal Thibault, Clinchant Stephane, 2022. Composite Code Sparse Autoencoders For First Stage Retrieval | Deep |
| Le Huu, Hoang Tuan, Milford Michael, 2019. BTEL A Binary Tree Encoding Approach For Visual Localization | Shallow |
| Dongsoo Lee, Se Jung Kwon, Byeongwook Kim, Yongkweon Jeon, Baeseong Park, Jeongin Yun, 2020. Flexor Trainable Fractional Quantization | Deep |
| Lee Geon, Park Chanyoung, Shin Kijung, 2022. Set2box Similarity Preserving Representation Learning Of Sets | Shallow |
| Leybovich Michael, Shmueli Oded, 2021. Efficient Approximate Search For Sets Of Vectors | Shallow |
| Li Ping, Mitzenmacher Michael, Shrivastava Anshumali, 2013. Coding For Random Projections | Shallow |
| Li Ping, Mitzenmacher Michael, Shrivastava Anshumali, 2014. Coding For Random Projections And Approximate Near Neighbor Search | Shallow |
| Li Kai, Qi Guojun, Ye Jun, Hua Kien A., 2015. Rank Subspace Learning For Compact Hash Codes | Shallow |
| Ping Li, Michael Mitzenmacher, Martin Slawski, 2016. Quantized Random Projections And Non-linear Estimation Of Cosine Similarity | Shallow |
| Li Ping, Mitzenmacher Michael, Shrivastava Anshumali, 2016. 2-bit Random Projections Nonlinear Estimators And Approximate Near Neighbor Search | Shallow |
| Ping Li, Martin Slawski, 2017. Simple Strategies For Recovering Inner Products From Coarsely Quantized Random Projections | Shallow |
| Li Yunqiang, Pei Wenjie, Zha Yufei, Van Gemert Jan, 2019. Push For Quantization Deep Fisher Hashing | Shallow |
| Xiaoyun Li, Ping Li, 2019. Random Projections With Asymmetric Quantization | Shallow |
| Li Shiwei, Hu Zhuoqi, Lyu Fuyuan, Tang Xing, Wang Haozhao, Xu Shijie, Luo Weihong, Li Yuhua, Liu Xue, He Xiuqiang, Li Ruixuan, 2024. Mixed-precision Embeddings For Large-scale Recommendation Models | Deep |
| Li Yunqiang, Pei, Zha, Gemert, 2024. Push For Quantization Deep Fisher Hashing | Shallow |
| Liao Siyu, Chen Jie, Wang Yanzhi, Qiu Qinru, Yuan Bo, 2020. Embedding Compression With Isotropic Iterative Quantization | Deep |
| Liguori Vincenzo, 2016. Vector Quantization For Machine Vision | Deep |
| Lin Mingbao, Ji Rongrong, Chen Shen, Zheng Feng, Sun Xiaoshuai, Zhang Baochang, Cao Liujuan, Guo Guodong, Huang Feiyue, 2019. Supervised Online Hashing Via Similarity Distribution Learning | Deep |
| Liu Shicong, Shao Junru, Lu Hongtao, 2015. Accelerated Distance Computation With Encoding Tree For High Dimensional Data | Shallow |
| Liu Shicong, Shao Junru, Lu Hongtao, 2015. HCLAE High Capacity Locally Aggregating Encodings For Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search | Shallow |
| Liu Shicong, Lu Hongtao, Shao Junru, 2015. Improved Residual Vector Quantization For High-dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search | Shallow |
| Liu Ruoyu, Zhao Yao, Wei Shikui, Yang Yi, 2015. Indexing Of CNN Features For Large Scale Image Search | Shallow |
| Liu Shicong, Lu Hongtao, 2015. Learning Better Encoding For Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search With Dictionary Annealing | Shallow |
| Liu Shicong, Lu Hongtao, 2016. Accurate Deep Representation Quantization With Gradient Snapping Layer For Similarity Search | Deep |
| Liu Shicong, Shao Junru, Lu Hongtao, 2016. Generalized Residual Vector Quantization For Large Scale Data | Shallow |
| Liu Hong, Ji Rongrong, Wu Yongjian, Huang Feiyue, 2016. Ordinal Constrained Binary Code Learning For Nearest Neighbor Search | Deep |
| Liu Hong, Ji Rongrong, Wu Yongjian, Hua Gang, 2016. Supervised Matrix Factorization For Cross-modality Hashing | Deep |
| Liu Liu, Rahimpour Alireza, Taalimi Ali, Qi Hairong, 2017. End-to-end Binary Representation Learning Via Direct Binary Embedding | Shallow |
| Liu Liu, Qi Hairong, 2018. Discriminative Cross-view Binary Representation Learning | Shallow |
| Liu Bin, Cao Yue, Long Mingsheng, Wang Jianmin, Wang Jingdong, 2019. Deep Triplet Quantization | Deep |
| Liu Xianglong, Huang Lei, Deng Cheng, Lang Bo, Tao Dacheng, 2019. Query-adaptive Hash Code Ranking For Large-scale Multi-view Visual Search | Deep |
| Liu Xin, Wang Xingzhi, Cheung Yiu-ming, 2021. FDDH Fast Discriminative Discrete Hashing For Large-scale Cross-modal Retrieval | Shallow |
| Liu Qijiong, Fan Lu, Xiao Jiaren, Zhu Jieming, Wu Xiao-ming, 2023. Learning Category Trees For Id-based Recommendation Exploring The Power Of Differentiable Vector Quantization | Deep |
| Liu Hong, 2023. Sparse-inductive Generative Adversarial Hashing For Nearest Neighbor Search | Shallow |
| Long Mingsheng, Cao Yue, Wang Jianmin, Yu Philip S., 2015. Composite Correlation Quantization For Efficient Multimodal Retrieval | Shallow |
| Long Yitian, 2022. Adaptive Asymmetric Label-guided Hashing For Multimedia Search | Shallow |
| Lu Jianglin, Wang Hailing, Zhou Jie, Yan Mengfan, Wen Jiajun, 2021. Deep Asymmetric Hashing With Dual Semantic Regression And Class Structure Quantization | Shallow |
| Lu Xu, Zhu, Cheng, Zhang, 2024. Online Multi-modal Hashing With Dynamic Query-adaption | Deep |
| Luo Xiao, Wang Haixin, Wu Daqing, Chen Chong, Deng Minghua, Huang Jianqiang, Hua Xian-sheng, 2020. A Survey On Deep Hashing Methods | Deep |
| Luo Xiao, Wang, Wu, Chen, Deng, Huang, Hua, 2024. A Survey On Deep Hashing Methods | Deep |
| Ma Zeyu, Wang, Luo, Gu, Chen, Li, Hua, Lu, 2024. HARR Learning Discriminative And High-quality Hash Codes For Image Retrieval | Deep |
| Maier Tobias, Sanders Peter, 2017. Dynamic Space Efficient Hashing | Shallow |
| Malali Noam, Keller Yosi, 2022. Learning To Embed Semantic Similarity For Joint Image-text Retrieval | Deep |
| Martinez Julieta, Hoos Holger H., Little James J., 2014. Stacked Quantizers For Compositional Vector Compression | Shallow |
| Matsui Yusuke, Ito Kota, Aramaki Yuji, Yamasaki Toshihiko, Aizawa Kiyoharu, 2015. Sketch-based Manga Retrieval Using Manga109 Dataset | Shallow |
| Matsui Yusuke, Yamasaki Toshihiko, Aizawa Kiyoharu, 2017. Pqtable Non-exhaustive Fast Search For Product-quantized Codes Using Hash Tables | Shallow |
| Misra Vinith, Bhatia Sumit, 2018. Bernoulli Embeddings For Graphs | Shallow |
| Moran S., Lavrenko, Osborne, 2024. Neighbourhood Preserving Quantisation For LSH | Shallow |
| Moran S., Lavrenko, Osborne, 2024. Variable Bit Quantisation For LSH | Shallow |
| Mordido Gonçalo, Yang Haojin, Meinel Christoph, 2021. Evaluating Post-training Compression In Gans Using Locality-sensitive Hashing | Deep |
| Morozov Stanislav, Babenko Artem, 2019. Unsupervised Neural Quantization For Compressed-domain Similarity Search | Shallow |
| Morvan Anne, Souloumiac Antoine, Choromanski Krzysztof, Gouy-pailler Cédric, Atif Jamal, 2018. On The Needs For Rotations In Hypercubic Quantization Hashing | Shallow |
| Morère Olivier, Veillard Antoine, Lin Jie, Petta Julie, Chandrasekhar Vijay, Poggio Tomaso, 2016. Group Invariant Deep Representations For Image Instance Retrieval | Deep |
| Mukherjee Lopamudra, Ravi, Ithapu, Singh, 2024. An NMF Perspective On Binary Hashing | Shallow |
| Najibi Mahyar, Rastegari Mohammad, Davis Larry S., 2015. On Large-scale Retrieval Binary Or N-ary Coding | Shallow |
| Nardini Franco Maria, Rulli Cosimo, Venturini Rossano, 2024. Efficient Multi-vector Dense Retrieval Using Bit Vectors | Shallow |
| Nikolić Miloš, Hacene Ghouthi Boukli, Bannon Ciaran, Lascorz Alberto Delmas, Courbariaux Matthieu, Bengio Yoshua, Gripon Vincent, Moshovos Andreas, 2020. Bitpruning Learning Bitlengths For Aggressive And Accurate Quantization | Deep |
| Ning Qingqun, Zhu Jianke, Zhong Zhiyuan, Hoi Steven C. H., Chen Chun, 2016. Scalable Image Retrieval By Sparse Product Quantization | Shallow |
| O'hara Stephen, Draper Bruce A., 2011. Introduction To The Bag Of Features Paradigm For Image Classification And Retrieval | Shallow |
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